Anth106 Lit Review - 1309 Words

Literature Review Main Article: The Advantage of Standing Up to fight and the Evolution of Habitual Bipedalism in Hominins Citation: Carrier, D.R. 2011, The Advantage of Standing Up to fight and the Evolution of Habitual Bipedalism in Hominins, PloS ONE, vol. 6, no. 5, May, viewed 5 September 2012, Web of Science Database. The aim of this study was to determine whether assuming a bipedal stance, will provide an advantage for striking with forelimbs. Results were determined through human testing where test subjects assumed a quadrupedal or bipedal postures and to strike a receiver that would measure the amount of force exerted on it. Striking from a bipedal posture proved to give almost a 100 percent increase in the amount of†¦show more content†¦An example of behaviors they adopted are similar to those gorillas exhibit today, the chest thumping to intimidate predators. Most effective weapons are their forearms used to swipe at attackers, this was believed to be similar to that of Australapilithicines. This article supports the views of the author in the main article in that the great apes developed the ability to be bipedal to better defend and fight between each other and predators. Article 4: Intergroup Aggression in Chimpanzees and Humans Citation: Manson, J.H., Wrangham, R.W., Boone, J.L., Chapais, B., Dunbar, R.I.M., Ember, C.R., Irons, W., Marchant, L.F., McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Paterson, J.D., Smith, E.A., Stanford, C.B. amp; Worthman, C.M. 1991, Intergroup Aggression in Chimpanzees and Humans, Current Anthropology, vol. 32, no. 4, October, pp. 369-390. The article discusses the act of aggression of chimps against other chimps and how it is similar to that behavior in humans. The article noted that a the tactics used in aggression by chimps were very similar to those used by humans such as cost to aggressors(not attacking if the cost to the attacking group was too great), numerical superiority(attacking in a larger group to ensure success) and traveling in bigger groups to ensure safety. An interesting case brought up in the article was

Essay about Emily Dickinson and Walt Witman Clash - 803 Words

The definition of poetry, instead of becoming more selective and exact, has become a much more broad and open minded classification of literature. From Its beginnings in romanticist Puritan literature, to its more modernistic function on present society, poetry has become a way to blend the psychological side of human intellect, with the emotional side of human intuition and curiosity. Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman were two early poets from the late 19th century. Unlike Walt, Emily liked to write at home, she was a more secluded author who enjoyed to look out the window for inspiration. Walt on the other hand loved to travel. He found inspiration through nature and the diversity of thriving cultures throughout the world. Although†¦show more content†¦Here Whitman is speaking on how important it is for everyone to have their own individual voice. Also, Whitman doesnt speak for just the upper class. He uses jobs such as carpenter, plumber, and shoemaker. Jobs for people who really dont have the best things, or make the most money. Here Whitman speaks on expanding the horizon for society, giving everyone the same power, and equal voice. Not just the wealthy or more significant figures of society. Emily also writes on this idea in her poem â€Å"Success is Counted Sweetest†. It is in this poem she says, â€Å"Success is counted sweetest By those who neer succeed† (Dickinson, line 1). Here Dickinson is echoing the idea of having individualism in society. Their needs to be an equal distribution of power among the civilians so that the civilization will flourish. The lack of success in the lower class is caused by nothing less then a lack individualism among the lower class. Both Emily and Walt express discontent with the lack of individualism through the suffering of the lower class, shining light on the idea that without a sense of individualism, society is cast in the shadow of simplicity. In addition to writing about similar ideas, both E mily and Walt write about how they are unable to feel a connection with the divine realm and nature. Take Emilys â€Å"God Gave a Loaf to Every Bird† for example. Here she says, â€Å"God gave a loaf to every bird, But just a crumb to me†

The Strategic Management Approaches

Question: Describe about the strategic management approaches. Answer: Introduction The current research focuses on the strategic management approaches. It is identified that strategy can be considered as the direction and scope of a company over the long-term that further helps to achieve competitive advantages for the company with the help of resources. In order to understand the types of strategic approaches that are usually implemented in most of the large businesses, McDonalds has been selected. As mentioned by Pauwels et al. (2012), the major objective of McDonalds is to focus on the global standardization. The organization is determined to expand its global mindset by sharing effective practices and leveraging the skilled people around the globe. The majority of the success of the organization depends on the implementation of the strategic approaches. With the development of technology and innovations, the organization is in the rush of developing strategic management approaches to gain the profits and lead the business to a competitive level. Thus, the starts with a discussion on three different strategic approaches that are implemented by McDonalds. Likewise, the report is extended with the comparison among the approaches. Based on the comparison and contrast, limitations and benefits of the approaches have also been discussed in the report. Identifying three different approaches to strategic management While delving into the strategic management approaches of the McDonalds, it is identified that organization mainly focuses on the external environment to identify the needs and demands of the market. The external and internal environmental analysis may include PESTLE analysis, SWOT Matrix, and Porters five forces analysis. Each of the approaches provides a set of benefits to the organizations. As mentioned by Priem, Li and Car (2012), any business should learn about its external environment to develop the products and services. Thus, it is necessary for the organization to conduct PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis used by McDonalds Political Factor- This particular factor helps to determine the degree to which a government could influence the economy or a particular industry. For example, a government could impose a new law or tax based on which the whole revenue-generating the structure could change. Thus, the marketers need to be aware of the political environment of the market where they are running their business. McDonalds runs its business in more than 100 countries. Thus, it can be mentioned that their political exposure is all over the board. Also, McDonalds tend to comply with the government regulations regarding health and hygiene. Figure 1: Porters Five forces analysis Economical factor- This factor helps to determine the economical performance of the country that directly influences the performance of the organization. As stated by Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2012), the economical factor could have a long-term impact on the organization. In addition, it could influence the purchasing power of the customers and change demand and supply. For example, McDonalds is one of the solid supporters of their economy. It is identified that 80% of companys supplies come from the local and regional suppliers across the globe. Social- This particular factor helps to examine the social environment of the market and identify the aspects of culture, trends, and life style and other demographic factors. McDonalds believe that changing life style of people could influence the sales. For example, once McDonalds launched the product Hamburger, which is not special as it once was. Technological factor This factor mainly deal with the innovation and technology that could large influence the operation of the organization. As motioned by Allan et al. (2012), the technological factor may favorably and unfavorably influence the market largely. McDonalds pays attention to the advanced technology; thus, it has the technology of revolutionizing the fast-food delivery and training with the help of Nintendo DS. Legal- These factors deal with both external and internal sides. There are some regulations that could certain influence the business industry or the country where the originations is running their business. For example, while running the business in the Middle East, it has to follow the regulation of collecting Halal Meat for the products related to chicken. Environmental Factor- As mentioned by Somaya (2012), the environmental factor is crucial to any business. The majority of the success of a business may depend on the environmental factors since it involves demographic, geographic, climate changes and other related factors. For example, with over 50 million of people are purchasing the products of McDonalds; thus, the company had to deal with the issue of polystyrene waste packaging (Scherer, Palazzo and Seidl 2013). However, the organization has resolved the issue by delivering the products with the technique of paper-based packaging. Porters Five Forces analysis Supplier power- Hence, the organization evaluates how easy it is for a supplier to drive up sales. This is usually driven by the availability of suppliers of each major input including the uniqueness of products and services, strengths and the cost of switching from one supplier to another. In the case of McDonalds the threats of suppliers is comparatively low. McDonalds has high bargaining power over its suppliers. Figure 2: Porters Five Forces analysis Buyer power- Hence the organizations find out how easy it is for customers to influence the sales. Again, this could be driven by the number of customers, the importance of each customer to the business. The buyers buyer is also low in the case of McDonalds. The fast food industry has certain limitations. There is a less chance of switching the brand through differentiation as well as uniqueness. Competitive rivalry- Here, the organizations tend to scrutinize the competitors and their abilities. For example, if the organization has many competitors and they offer same attractive products and services, then the concerned company may have the little power in the market (Asif et al. 2013). The threats of competition are high as the fast food industry is competitive in nature. Some major competitors are such as Burger King and Yum Brand. Threats of substitution- this could be influenced by the ability of the customers to find out some ways of doing the same what they are previously doing. In the case of McDonalds is the threat of substitutes Low and moderate. Threats of new entrants: Power is also influenced by the capability of people to get into a new market. If the market is cost-effective and the economies of scale are in place, the competitors may quickly get into the market (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). The threats of new entrants are comparatively high. Due to high demands in the market, the comers get the easy access to the market. SWOT analysis S-O Strategies Launching new nutritious menus Expansion of business to New Market such as Asian market Low-cost Leadership S-T Strategies Gaining advantages of the brand identity Giving support to community W-O strategies Lowering the negative impact Maximizing differentiation W-T Strategies Increasing employee satisfaction Gaining the advantages of Trans fat Comparing and contrasting the approaches Each of the strategic management approaches has certain similarity and dissimilarity. PESTLE SWOT Matrix Porters Five Forces It is identified that by implementing external environmental analysis such as PESTEL, the organization could learn about the fundamental benefits and drawbacks of a market. The marketers gain knowledge about needs and demands of customers in a particular market or industry. In addition, the PESTLE analysis helps the organizations to know about the political stability of a country based on which, the marketers could implement further strategies for developing their business (Cetindamar and Kilitcioglu 2013). On the contrary, mentioned that before getting into a new market, it is necessary for the organizations to know about culture, economy, regulations and environment. Thus, poor knowledge on these factors may cause serious damage to the business. The SWOT matrix plays an important role in influencing the operation of an organization. (Dobbs2014.) Arguably stated that SWOT matrix is partially related to PESTEL approaches. With the knowledge of the external environment, the organization could implement the strategy of launching new products. For example, through external analysis, if the cultural and economical factors are examined, the marketers could take the initiative of launching new products in the market. Furthermore, if the economy is in the state of instability, the organization may have thought of a strategy that could be implemented to sell the products and gain profits. For example, McDonalds sells all of its chicken items at a low price to increase the market share in Nepal. On the contrary, it is also evident that by only conducting SWOT matrix analysis, the organizations may not be able to gain kno0wldge about environmental requirements and regulations imposed by the governments of the respective country. Porters five forces analysis also plays a crucial role in identifying the marketing needs. In this context, Chen et al. (2013) added elements involved in Five Forces analysis includes are altogether the backbone of business. While getting into a new market, it is necessary for the organizations to know about the influence of the competitors in the concerned organization. In addition, this analysis also helps to learn about the power of customers. For example, if the competitors have the large market share, then the future organizations may have to deal with some difficulties in getting into the market. In addition, Yuan (2013) argued that PESTEL analysis might not help organizations to know about the bargaining power of suppliers in the respective market, however, by implementing five forces analysis, it is not possible to know about the economic stability of a country. Thus, it can be mentioned that each of the approaches has a different role to play while strategically developing t he organization. In addition, the political factor in PESTLE analysis helps the marketers to know the factors that could control the political situation and bring in the stability in it. If the marketers observe a state of stability in the political environment, trade agreements can be developed for maintaining a smooth operation. Secondly, SWOT Matrix helps the organization helps to identify the external threats and opportunity. Based on the analysis, the company implements further strategies to control the business for gaining profits. However, Thompson et al. (2013) added that external threats and opportunities can also be be identified that by the external analysis such as PESTEL or PEST analysis. Unlike PESTEL and SWOT analysis, Porters five forces help the organization to know about the future trends of a market such as bargaining power of suppliers, opportunities for new entrants. Benefits of the approaches Benefits of PESTEL analysis With the help of PESTEL analysis, the organization could gain a simple and easy way to implement the framework for the external analysis. It helps the organization to use cross-functional skills and expertise. As mentioned by Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014), by conducting PESTEL analysis, the organization could lessen the impact of potential threats to the operations run by the company. In addition, the outcome of PESTLE analysis encourages the enhancement of strategic approaches within the organization. It provides the mechanism that allows the companies to identify as well as exploit new opportunities. Moreover, with the help of PESTLE analysis helps to the organizations to evaluate the implications of getting into an unknown market. Benefits of SWOT analysis One of the major benefits of implementing SWOT analysis is that it may require little or no cost Harrison and John (2013). The marketers who understand the business could conduct a SWOT analysis. The marketers could conduct a SWOT analysis when they do not have plenty of time to identify the complex situation of the market. This indicates that the marketers could implement the steps towards the developing their business without the expense of an external advisor (Martn Alczar et al. 2013). Another significant benefit of SWOT analysis is that it revolves around the most significant factors that largely influence the business. The marketers better understand the business and implement the necessary strategies. The marketers could address the weaknesses of the organizations. Benefits of Porters Five Forces analysis It is evident that Porters five forces are one of the significant tools to examine the external market of the organization. There have been five different forces that should be considered by the organization to deal with the marketing challenges and opportunities. Each of the forces is certainly beneficial for the organization. For example, by gaining knowledge about the customer power in a particular market, the organization could take the initiative of implementing diversification strategies. Likewise, compliance with the regulations largely helps the organization to maintain a smooth operation. There are certain suggestions that need to be followed by the organizations while conducting the Porters five forces analysis tools. The marketers tend to use the model where there are at least three competitors in the market. The organizations need to consider the influence that government has on the market. By conducting the PESTLE analysis, the companies need to consider the dynamic natu re of the market. Limitation of the approaches Limitation of PESTLE analysis: The marketers could oversimplify the information that are utilized for decision-making while conducting PESTLE analysis. The PESTEL analysis has to be conducted on a regular basis to be efficient and often the companies may not intend to make this investment. The marketers must not succumb to the outcome of the analysis where the organizations collect information as well as forget that the purpose of this approach is the identification of the issues; thus, the actions can be implemented. While conducting the PESTLE analysis the marketers often constrain who is involved due to the time as well as consideration. This could limit the effectiveness of the technique as the major perspective is probably missing from the discussion. Limitations of Porters Five Forces analysis Like strategic approaches, the Porter five forces analysis has certain limitations where the marketers deal with the obstacles. The market structure is discovered as relatively static in the analysis. The Porters five forces analysis provides the marketers with only a snapshot of the market. With the help of porters five forces analysis, it is difficult for the marketers to properly understand the market. In addition, the model does not consider the non-forces. As mentioned by Cetindamar and Kilitcioglu (2013), Porters five forces analysis is usually applicable for the analysis of simple market structure. Limitations of SWOT analysis While conducting the analysis, the marketers need to consider certain factors, or they should keep in mind that a SWOT analysis covers the issues that could certainly be considered strength, weaknesses, opportunity and the potential threats. Particularly for the complexes issues, the marketers need to perform an intensive research as well as the analysis to make effective decisions. As mentioned by Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014), a SWOT analysis is limited as it does not priorities the issues and it does not provide solutions and provide alternative to the marketers. Conclusion On the completion of the report, it can be mentioned that strategic management approaches play a crucial role in developing the performance of the organization. Three different strategic approaches play a different role influencing the organizational performance. However, if the implementation of the approaches is altogether done the organization could a large amount of profits from the market. Some large organization like McDonalds has implemented these approaches to knowing their market effectively. However, the outcomes of the analysis may depend on the techniques that are used to conduct those approaches. Lastly, it can be added that by implementing such as approaches, the organization could control their business operation more effectively than the competitors who did not implement them approaches yet altogether. Reference List: Allan, C., Burel, J.M., Moore, J., Blackburn, C., Linkert, M., Loynton, S., MacDonald, D., Moore, W.J., Neves, C., Patterson, A. and Porter, M., 2012. OMERO: flexible, model-driven data management for experimental biology.Nature methods,9(3), pp.245-253. Asif, M., Searcy, C., Zutshi, A. and Fisscher, O.A., 2013. An integrated management systems approach to corporate social responsibility.Journal of cleaner production,56, pp.7-17. Cetindamar, D. and Kilitcioglu, H., 2013. Measuring the competitiveness of a firm for an award system.Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal,23(1), pp.7-22. Chen, C.W., Yang, H.C., Chen, C.H., Tseng, C.P. and Lee, K.L., 2013. The relationship between personality traits and sales force automation usage: a review of methodology.Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing Service Industries,23(4), pp.294-305. Dobbs, M., 2014. Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review, Harrison, J. and John, C.S., 2013.Foundations in strategic management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D. and Hoskisson, R., 2012.Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Martn Alczar, F., Miguel Romero Fernndez, P. and Snchez Gardey, G., 2013. Workforce diversity in strategic human resource management models: A critical review of the literature and implications for future research.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal,20(1), pp.39-49. Pauwels, R.A., Buist, A.S., Calverley, P.M., Jenkins, C.R. and Hurd, S.S., 2012. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. Priem, R.L., Li, S. and Carr, J.C., 2012. Insights and new directions from demand-side approaches to technology innovation, entrepreneurship, and strategic management research.Journal of management,38(1), pp.346-374. Scherer, A.G., Palazzo, G. and Seidl, D., 2013. Managing legitimacy in complex and heterogeneous environments: Sustainable development in a globalized world.Journal of Management Studies,50(2), pp.259-284. Somaya, D., 2012. Patent strategy and management an integrative review and research agenda.Journal of Management,38(4), pp.1084-1114. Thompson, A., Peteraf, M., Gamble, J., Strickland III, A.J. and Jain, A.K., 2013.Crafting Executing Strategy 19/e: The Quest for Competitive Advantage: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill Education. Yuan, H., 2013. A SWOT analysis of successful construction waste management.Journal of Cleaner Production,39, pp.1-8.

The Creative Organization

Question: How tp Develop the profile of the creative organization? Answer: Annual reports issued by several organizations, and business and general media both hard copy and internet sources that were described in the later part of the chapter are not accessible in the public domain. Public domain information excluding audited annual report is mostly not objective but they are self-eulogizing in nature. Therefore, it is said that those are not acceptable and useful for university purpose. Information already exists in the public domains that are collected by the researcher on the given organization. A researcher either uses survey process or conducts interviews in order to collect that information. The survey process focuses on collecting quantitative data that based on the use of numbers. On the other hand, interview process focuses on qualitative research that follows use of words. There are several research methods are available that can be considered while doing the research. I reviewed all those methods and the literature of my subject to find out the m ost appropriate research method for my work. The most commonly used and famous research methods are quantitative research method and qualitative research method. In case of quantitative research, it is already mentioned that it focuses on the use of numbers. Mostly the positivist researchers use this mode of research method. Positivism research method is defined as a system that depends on information and apparent phenomena. In this type of research, the researcher primarily builds a hypothesis and during the research, the tries to either prove it or disprove it. Qualitative research method is a flexible and evaluative approach that works with research activity and advices the use of words. In case of interpretivist research, this mode of research and data collection method is commonly used. This interpretivist research is a system that tries to find out the causes of existing phenomena only. This research method is also called as Posteriori method not Priori. In this type of research, the researcher does not need to establish a hypothesis in this research method; however, the result of this type of research is noted as a hypothesis. According to the positivistic research approach, everyone caries the same system of meaning and our views are also same with the world. On the other hand, interpretive research approach states that each person cannot experience the reality and the in a same way. It can be said in other words that the same ontology is never shared at any cost. As mentioned by Neumann (1997, Page 70), The primary questions that must be followed at a time of an interpretive research are: What are the experiences faced by the people on the world? What meaning those experiences create and share? According to Blaikie (1993), the researcher, while doing an interpretive research, tries to make a pain that is actually is vague. From the quantitative research and thousand of participants and respondents, a researcher can easily develop required statistics. On the other hand, interpretive researcher spends a lot o time with a comparatively small number of people to evaluate a large number of data which will hel p him to establish a in-depth picture of the research subject. According Neumann (1997, Page 68), Interpretive research approach follows a practical orientation when positivism follows instrumental orientation. The primary goal of interpretive research is help the ordinary people so that they can manage their practical affairs in everyday life. The interpretive method is also known as a systematic approach of socially meaningful actions via direct observation done on people to understand how people develop and maintain their social worlds. One of the most important theories of interpretive approach is Grounded theory, which is developed from the group up, and then the data is evaluated and analyzed. Generally, researchers can collect knowledge from various sources and can apply them into abstract theories. In case of qualitative research, most of the times grounded the researchers use theory. According to Neumann (1997), however, this theory is not used always and it is only used when a theory is needed to build that will be relevant to the evidence. Unlike positivism, interpretivist approach combines theories such as grounded theory and phenomenology and deals with prearranged reality and recognize the subjective nature of social activity, the social establishment of reality and a deemed inescapable impact or influence by the researcher on the research. While doing social enquiries, the interpretivists mostly use approaches such as getable sources of information and unstructured interviews. However, this method also includes some limitations that include the impact of observer on the observed thing and the biasness of the researcher. On the other hand, the positivism research method is deductive research method. It begins with a hypothesis. The interpretivist approach is known as inductive as it does not need any hypothesis to commence. Therefore, it can be said that positivism is a priori approach while interpretivism is a posteriori method. Interpretivist theory is made from observations and commonly used languages to cover theories and different point of view. Based on the definition of grounded theory, researchers collect data and then they create theories from that data. This process is mainly established by observation and iterative analysis. These theories are tested because it emerges from the study and as the research procedure continues, the grounded theories are revised as well as reaffirmed. The interpretivism research approach allows the associate ti have some preselected research topics as well as some research questions. Therefore, the research questions can be formulated properly for developing th e responses of the interviewees along with the capacity of asking for clarification of ambiguous or unclear answers. At the same time, the applicant is at liberty to guide the conference into regions of meticulous apprehension to him or her, which can expand the parameters of the research work. This broadening of the terms of reference acceptable by the investigator stems from instigating with wide-ranging rather than very prcised views and concepts, with the objective of arriving at meaning through investigation and surveillance. On the other hand, in case of positivistic approach, positivism is recognized as the natural science approach. Positivisms are naturalism, logical empiricism and behaviorism. It has been seen that the researchers prefer to select quantitative data along with surveys, statistics as well as experiments. In this case, the researchers use exact measures and the objective research. However, these exist some criticisms that positivistic research workers favor the numbers over the people and might not concentrate wisely. Neumann (1997, pg. 63) has stated that positivism considers social science as one of the most organized procedure for combining the deductive knowledge with accurate experiential observations of the specific behavior for discovering and confirming a set of probabilistic unfussy rules that might be beneficial to forecast the general patterns of the individual actions. It can be seen that the positivists believes largely in reality, as reality exists and can be easily discovered as well as studied, keeping in mind that researchers might be flawed, but the reality does not. Reality has a prearranged outline that avoids arbitrariness. Fundamental outlines of social realism display constancy. Positivists consider that behaviour does not merely go after from wants. Cause and effect has an impact on actions in the genuine world (authenticity). Fundamental rules are governed by possibility and lean to hold more for great groups of people than for a personality. Main beliefs at work here are laws of possibility, namely Law of statistical regularity and Law of inertia of large numbers. As Neumann (1997) states it, positivism supposes that the laws overriding realism function to a scheme of stringent logic and positivistic researchers correlate these rules with the facts recognized about life using deductive reason. In positivism, clarifications arrived at must have zero rational disagreements and must be reliable with the experiential particulars. Given that the reason of my research was to recognize the distinctiveness of a pioneering organization so as to offer a benchmark against which any corporation can recognize its location on the evolutionary pathway to being pioneering, then the research strictures had to take in contribution by elected organizations labeled as inventive. Originally, it is assumed that my research would be positioned in one or other of the two major paradigms and favours either the quantitative or qualitative approach. Formerly, it is measured a quantitative procedure. It has been imagined the use of yearly reports of corporations scheduled on the Australian stock exchanges in combination with a mailed-out quantitative investigation. The preponderance of these companionships would not have come out on a list of pioneering organizations such as created by The University of Melbourne during its research component since the latters publication controlled the names of fifty corporations only. Mail out is one of the effective procedures in this manner, as this call for the information of both the numerical and the subjective data. However, it can be mentioned that the examination of the annual reports are requested as well as revealed the fact that the financial numbers were not alone sufficient enough to provide meaningful inputs to the overall development of the innovative profile. I accomplished that necessities by me for supplementary monetary investigations plus skewed answers to numerous questions in the broad region of the managerial surroundings would possibly acquiesce a poor answer. I therefore discarded the thought of a quantitative examination. The community sphere data set out in yearly news gave only a little division of the data essential for my research work. Consequently, I had to access corporations to locked answers to what comprised a pioneering association. The next question to be tackled was whether to inductively build up a profile of the pioneering association from untainted qualitative research work carried out on site, where there was small recognized a priori and interviewees were inquired to talk about novelty and to give their views on what made for inventive behaviour and results. The problems I professed with this approach was the time necessary to be used up by an candidate in contributing in this way but, much more prominently, th e plausible lack of adequate enthusiastic interviewees to form a creditable sample. At this point, it came out that neither of the two major paradigms and qualitative and quantitative research would serve up completely to bring in answers to my research inquiries, signifying that an assorted approach would be suitable. I determined that the most excellent approach for my meticulous study work was to appraise the literature to recognize qualities or characteristics of pioneering associations and to assemble these into a practicable border that I could employ in meeting Australian associations classified as innovative. It can be stated that given this assembly of innovative plus data supplied in the yearly report along with the interview, I could produce a proper corporation analysis of each of the participating corporation and inductively build up an innovation profile. As methodology, this was shaping up as exploratory research involving analysis of a number of companies, using a structured format for summarizing key data. This pointed to an meeting with contributing corporations where I was pre-armed with surveys and where the applicant was asked to reply questions. This assisted to make certain that I enclosed the essential ground without running out of time or overstaying my greeting. The questions I enclosed before the beginning of meetings were of such a nature as could be responded during the interview that is they did not involve the manufacture of numbers which would have had a twice difficulties in consuming too much time and containing to be supplied afterward. In adding up, my appraisal of the literature pointed to that modernism had its heredity typically in environmental background, which was mainly not reliant on facts and figures.

Adsl Essays - Digital Electronics, Electronic Engineering

Adsl ADSL has been of interest to me for the past couple of years because it enables high-speed data on a single pair of local copper loop. It is phenomenal how it can allow voice and data to run concurrently over the same pair of wire. The article of choice for this report is in the subject of ADSL technology and the integration of the chip sets. Within these five pages the author examines the design methodology that Alcatel has used to develop their mixed signal ?chip set-asynchronous digital subscriber line (ADSL)? and the chip implementation environment. I believe that software emulations of hardware components are a more reliable and cheaper way to design devices. Although I have no experience with device designing, it is interesting to me how software emulation can facilitate the engineer with a fast editing environment. There are no soldering and complicated physical barriers involved. When the Alcatel design team tested the system in a worst-case scenario, restricting its range of voltage and temperature, the simulation of just 10 seconds of initialization could have taken days of simulation time. But Alcatel resorted to using an emulator for fast debugging. The emulator, in contrast with the simulation, would only take a few hours, not days. A very important aspect in new technology is to permit the ease for product enhancements. In a broad sense, many times there are new and more efficient ways of implementing a certain design after its final release. The author outlines in his conclusion that Alcatel completed a USB version of the ADSL digital chip. That explains the ease and no hassle install of my ADSL modem to my laptop. the writer outlines illustrates the Because of the flexibility of the chip bus architecture, other digital back ends can be integrated onto the chip. Bibliography Integrated System Design August 2000 ?Designing ADSL Chip Sets for Rapid Integration?

Shakespeares Tempest essays

Shakespeare's Tempest essays Life is a dreamlike play set upon a stage. The beauty of this life lies in the hour of peacethat of sweet slumber. William Shakespeare observes, "we are such stuff/ As dreams are made on, and our little life/ Is rounded with a sleep" (4.1.156-158). This implication serves to explain that life is but a dream, to perturb it then will only lead to misery. From the juxtaposition of many characters in The Tempest, nightmares and dreams come to life in everyday morality where moral characters emerge with a more successful life than those who lack virtue. By forcefully claiming a throne that did not rightfully belong to him, Antonio eventually offsets the hatred of Prosperos heart, leading to the awakening of his dream. On the uninhabited island that Prospero luckily comes ashore to after being cast to sea by Antonio, he remains satisfied with the conditions that even though he has no control of Milan, he still reigns over Miranda, Caliban, and Ariel. During these moments when Prospero is able to exert his power over others, he is happy... and at peace, which allows him to reside in the delicate dream of control. However, when Prospero first conceives that his brother is sailing by the island where he now inhabits, he mistakenly absorbs this incidence as some bountiful Fortune (1.2.176); he proclaims, By accident most strange [...] I find my zenith doth depend upon/ A most auspicious star, whose influence/ If now I court not, but omit, my fortunes/ Will ever after droop (1.2.176-183). Hence, Prospero awakens from his dream to cl aim what he considers a fortunate coincidence by acting on immoral means to seek revenge in the play. At that moment, Prosperos peaceful dream alters to the development of a nightmare by seeking revengea nightmare enveloping some turbulent awakening of his dream. From ambitions and wants, Shakespeare insists that one will awaken to a "Brim full of sorrow and dis...

Why did the Cold War End Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why did the Cold War End - Essay Example It is called the Cold war mainly because there was no direct confrontation between these two world powers and instead, their confrontations tended to happen by proxy. They often provided the funding and weapons to rival groups in various countries, such as Vietnam and Korea, and these fought each other to see which ideology would come up supreme (Hitchens 2006, 276). It is to the credit of the leaders of these rival states that they did not come to an open confrontation with each other. If they had allowed their emotions to get away with them, then it would have been a disaster on a global scale. This is because both of these powers possessed nuclear weapons, and in case of a war, they would have been inevitably used. Despite all the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United State, the Cold war suddenly ended in the late 1980s; this was mainly due to both long term and short-term issues, which took place in the Soviet Union, and these, are what will be discussed in this paper. The main reason why the Cold war ended is because the Soviet Union collapsed, and this happened due to various long and short-term circumstances. It has been suggested by certain scholars that the Soviet Union would have fallen much sooner than it did (Dobbs, 1993). This is because, from the time of Stalin’s rule onwards, the Soviet Union was not secure when it came to food supply. Stalin’s policy of the collectivization of agriculture, and the seizure of peasants’ property left the Soviet Union with insufficient grain reserves to feed its population. Where it had once been one of the largest exporters of grain in the world, it became one of its biggest importers. There was extremely little funding for the Soviet Union to use to export grain and there came a time when the state was virtually bankrupt. This would have manifested the fall of the Soviet system but

Problems and Risks Exposed to the Boiler Operators Assignment

Problems and Risks Exposed to the Boiler Operators - Assignment Example The people that are mostly subjected to these risks are the physical laborers employed as boiler operators and the study is based in Brazilian industries where the use of boilers is most common than in any other nation. The operators of the boilers are exposed to a number of health risks and problems that include: pains of different intensity in the body, muscle fatigue and diseases resulting from the heavy weight and exposure to heat. Moreover, the utilizing of the boiler implies various types of accidents such as burns, injuries, fires, and explosions; additionally, there is the increase of heart rate of the operator exposed to the excessive heat which occurs due to heat exchanges between the body and the environment leading to blood in the heart. A number of factors and parameters that are considered in the article; basically, the key aspects put first in this situation included the main risks of activities in the boiler which circled around the burns, pains and other injuries, factors that lead to the increased heart rate and how they can be eliminated, influence of thermal overload in the human body, and the physical workload where the boiler operators are forced to lift heavy loads due to the lack of proper mechanization which also has adverse effects that deteriorate the health especially when one puts into consideration that this takes place in a working condition that has excessive heat. Generally, the different factors were evaluated in a boiler where a thorough study was conducted; furthermore, there were a number of instruments that were used in the study i.e. a heart rate monitor, a digital chronometer, a wet-bulb globe thermometer (WBGT), a tape measure and a digital infrared camera.  

Understanding Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Understanding Research - Essay Example The entrepreneurs need to use their own mental model to interpret their business environment and culture of the area before they commit. For a startup to succeed in the long term, it must be able to scale up. Many studies have been conducted on startup success in the Tampa bay region to establish major factors that bring about their success and motivation to exist. The business environment and culture in the Tampa Bay is not conducive, the region lacks more high net worth individuals to aid in writing more seed-stage checks to their startups. There should be lots of money to encourage and grow startup culture in any given region. Tampa Bay has an emerging culture of innovation that tries to take hold as more individuals seek to pursue business dreams from scratch; however, the move is soon thwarted due to lack of startup money. Many businesses then transfer to other locations with conducive business culture and environment. The region needs to create a startup community so as to survive. This kind of research is an applied research; it aims at solving a practical problem. The research looks into the startup community of Tampa Bay in order to come up with a business culture that helps improve the human condition. The research aims at discovering some solution for the pressing practical problem, unfavorable startup community. It has mainly used observational research methods. Under this category, the research has specifically used case study. The research falls into this category because it has no clearly defined research question and problem. The research recognizes that even though the emerging startup community in the region exudes enthusiasm, it still has big concerns about its long-term viability as a serious hub for entrepreneurs. It maintains that businesses should embrace basic rules of entrepreneurship in order to succeed. Entrepreneurs need not regret

The Temporary Guide Base Engineering Essay

The Temporary Guide Base Engineering Essay After the drilling units anchors have been deployed on the new location the first item lowered is the temporary guide base (the TGB). This serves as a foundation for all the other subsea equipment that will follow, and as an anchorage for the guideline cables on which that equipment will be run down to the sea-bed. The TGB is a circular, octagonal or square, flat, steel frame of about 100 square feet in area which has compartments in which ballast materials can be placed. The unit alone usually weighs about four tons, but it is heavily weighted with bags of cement, barite or other heavy materials before being lowered to the sea bed on the end of a string of drill pipe. A special tool for releasing the TGB when it is in position is fitted to the drill pipe string, and this connects with a slot in the steel guidebase frame. On the underside of the frame four spikes project to dig into the sea bed and firmly anchor the unit. Four wires are attached to the edges of the TGB, and when it has been landed these are tensioned up and used for guiding other items of equipment down to their locations above the TGB. There are also two smaller lines for running TV cameras down for monitoring operations from the doghouse on the drill floor. The guide line tensioners are large cylinders, installed in the cellar deck on the rig, that contain pistons which are positioned by air pressure. The amount of tension required on the guide lines is simply set by adjusting the air pressure. In the centre of the TGB frame is a wide circular aperture with a funnel shape projecting above it into which the bottom of another frame the permanent guide base will fit. The drill bit will commence drilling and all subsequent downhole operations will be conducted through this aperture. 3.0 THE PERMANENT GUIDE BASE The permanent guide base (PGB) is another heavy steel frame, about 3 tons in weight and square in shape, that has a wide central aperture and a tall post on each corner through which the four guidelines run. The PGB serves as a landing seat for the wellhead and as a guide for drilling tools and the blow-out preventer stack which is eventually located above the wellhead. The posts are used to locate the stack, which has arrangements to accept them within its own frame. The PGB is run down the guide lines to connect with the TGB, and there is a funnel-shaped projection around the aperture on its underside that inserts into the TGBs funnel-shaped top aperture and ensures an accurate fit. Beyond about 400 m water depth the guidewire system does not work too well so for deepwater a guideline less system using a capture funnel system is utilised. 4.0 THE WELLHEAD/CASING HANGAR SYSTEM The wellhead is a large, cylindrical device housing several internal fittings called casing hangars that are designed to suspend the required number and sizes of casing and tubing strings that will be used in the well. The wellhead/casing hangar locates through the holes in the two guide bases and fits into the top of the conductor casing after this has been run. It projects above the PGB, and is designed to connect with the BOP stack which is later run above it. The Subsea Wellhead is the main structural component which supports the loads generated during drilling operations and during production Operations. It is connected (welded) to the inner conductor (18  ¾) and is locked into the outer conductor, which itself is attached to the guide base. Over recent years two connection profiles have become the most frequently used. These are proprietary designs known as Vetco H-4 and the Cameron Clamp Hub profiles. Most UK drilling rigs are equipped with a single high pressure stack, though two stack systems were previously in use, to provide a low pressure connection at the 20 and high pressure for the 13 5/8 inch casing. The three main functions of a wellhead can be considered as :- To provide a location for suspension of casing strings. Each of the casing strings which run up through the well are physically suspended within the wellhead housing. Should the well be used for production, the production tubing is additionally supported and locked in position in the wellhead via the tubing hanger. To provide Sealing and Pressure Containment This sealing and containment takes place on two distinct areas, between the well and the environment and to provide isolation from between the casing and downhole structures. During drilling operations a Blow Out Preventer (BOP) is installed on the wellhead at the base of the Marine Drilling Riser. The BOP is mandatory and used to protect the rig and the environment at the seabed level in case of gas kick from the well, to avoid a Blow Out. Allows the installation of Flow Control Equipment Should the well be converted from an appraisal well into a future production (NORMAL CASE) or water injection well, the subsea Xmas Tree can be installed to provide flow control from the well or from the injection line or manifold. . For subsea wells, the wellhead is supported through the 30 inch housing/conductor which is cemented into the first/primary soil formation. The 30 inch housing then supports the internal wellhead housing with the subsequent internal casing strings, each one supported via a casing hanger at the wellhead with a seal mechanism. The 30 inch housing supports the permanent guidebase which forms the main guidance mechanism for equipment being deployed subsea to the wellhead, during drilling and completion operations. Four Guide Posts and guide lines are used down to 400m. For deeper waters guide lines are not practical and funnel down or up systems are deployed. The BOP stack and subsequently the Xmas Tree are connected to the wellhead by a hydraulically operated connector. The primary environmental loading on the wellhead occurs during the drilling phase, when a high varying bending moment is transmitted through the riser onto wellhead housing and then to the 30 inch housing/casing/formation through current, wave loads and drilling vessel movement. The wellhead housing is locked into the 30 inch wellhead and loads on the wellhead are transmitted into the 30 inch conductor. 6.0 OVERVIEW OF SUBSEA OPTIONS; SHALLOW AND DEEP WATERS The challenges to subsea production in the future are considerable, with solutions required to the economical extraction of oil and gas from ever deeper waters in remote locations. Deep water options are illustrated in Figures 19 A 19 B. There are a number of options currently open in the movement of oil and gas from well to shore, and there are some limitations. Availability of investment capital to achieve a profit from the expectation of sales of gas or oil in a depressed and volatile market. The adverse effects of hydrostatic pressure on sensitive subsea equipment. The limiting effects of hydrostatic pressure on the means of maintenance and intervention with subsea equipment. Mechanical limitations on the type of host. The limiting factors of distance between well and host. Surface climatic conditions affecting the host annual storm patterns, ice, etc. Subsea production equipment used to be much more expensive than land-based equipment, adapted for use on offshore platforms. This was by way of specification, manufacturing quality, complexity etc., as well as the requirements for specialist tools with which to run the equipment. Nowadays costs of subsea developments are very competitive to platform based systems. This is due to more than 15 years of operational experience, fabrication simplification, and competition coupled with the use of more simple functional specifications. An additional feature of subsea production systems is their designed ability to operate in deepwater (diver less) areas. The development of deepwater systems, the installation and operational support systems using ROVs has been a major set in recent years. In earlier years such diver less systems were more expensive that diver assisted systems, but the advances now make then very similar in cost. In fact diver less operations using ROVs can be more cost effective than the use of very costly divers (requiring all the life support systems and complex DSV). The purpose of subsea wellhead is To support BOP and seal with well casing during drilling à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To support and seal the subsea production tree à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To support and seal the well casing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ To support and seal the production tubing hanger The three main functions of a wellhead can be considered as; i)To provide a location for suspension of casing strings; Each of the casing strings which run up through the well are physically suspended within the wellhead housing. Should the well be used for production or injection, the tubing is additionally supported and locked in position in the wellhead via the tubing hanger (T.H.) when conventional dual bore trees are used. (ii)To provide Sealing and Pressure Containment; This sealing and containment takes place on two distinct areas, between the well and the environment and to provide isolation from between the casing and the down hole completion structures. During drilling operations a Blow Out Preventor (BOP) is installed on the wellhead at the base of the Marine Drilling Riser. The BOP is mandatory and used to protect the rig and the environment at the seabed level in case of gas kick from the well, to avoid a Blow Out and the riser is mandatory to return the drilling fluids, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ to the rig. Refer to additional figures in Lecture L 5 B. (iii)Allows the installation of Flow Control Equipment; Should the well be converted from an appraisal well into a future production (NORMAL CASE) or water injection well (or gas injection well), the subsea Xmas Tree can be installed to provide production flow control from the well or into the well from the injection line or manifold. In these notes, the emphasis is on the subsea wells drilled from a semi submersible or a drill ship. In the southern North Sea and in water depths generally up to 100 m, jack-up rigs are also used. These provide a fixed platform from which to drill the wells and the well can be directly tied back into the rig. During drilling operations, a high pressure riser system connects the well with the jack-up and no subsea B O P system is necessary. For subsea wells, the wellhead is supported through the 30 housing / conductor which is cemented into the first / primary soil formation. The 30 housing then supports the internal wellhead housing with the subsequent internal casing strings. Each one is supported via a casing hanger at the wellhead and with a seal mechanism. The 30 housing supports the Permanent Guide Base which forms the main guidance mechanism for equipment being deployed subsea to the wellhead, during drilling, completion operations and work over operations. Four Guide Posts and guide lines are used down to 500m .For deeper waters, guide lines are not practical and other guidance systems are in use with exploration drilling now reaching -2800m. Refer to section 6. The BOP stack and subsequently the Xmas Tree are connected to the wellhead by an hydraulic operated collet connector. Over recent years two connection profiles have become the most frequently used. These are proprietary designs known as Vetco H-4 and the Cameron Clamp Hub profiles. Most UK drilling rigs are equipped with a single high pressure stack, though two stack systems were previously in use, to provide a low pressure connection at the 20 and high pressure for the 13 5/8 casings. A single connection of the BOP stack to the wellhead is the generally accepted method. The primary environmental loading on the wellhead occurs during the drilling phase, when a high varying bending moment is transmitted through the riser onto wellhead housing and then to the 30 housing/casing/formation through current, wave loads and drilling vessel movements. It is now common policy to run the two top joints of 1  ½ wall thickness joints of 30 to provide the resistance to the anticipated loads, when previously, only 1 casing was considered. The wellhead housing is locked into the 30 conductor and loads on the wellhead are transmitted into it. In addition to the drilling loads the wellhead may be subjected to impact and snagging loads associated with construction activities and accidental incidents such as fishing trawl board impacts and pull over forces. These loads are transmitted through the production tree into the wellhead connector and through into the 30 conductor. SUBSEA XMAS TREES FUNCTIONS; 7.1 General; The Xmas Tree is the primary flow control system for fluid flow from or into the well. The flows which can be considered include the following :- (a) Production, produced fluids from the oil/gas/condensate bearing formation pass-up through the well tubing and the Xmas Tree. (b) Injection, treated, inhibited seawater is pumped from the host facility into the well to provide pressure support for the reservoir. Gas injection/disposal excess gas is pumped into an adjacent reservoir for temporary storage or in limited cases, pressure maintenance. Oil production with Gas lift, gas is pumped from the host facility, through the annulus to subsurface injection points in the tubing. The inclusion of gas into the produced fluid reduces the column density to allow the reservoir pressure to flow the well. It is a flow boosting technique but with a low efficiency.

Not All Homeless People Are Crazy Essay -- Are the Homeless Crazy?, 20

One of life’s truly rarest treasures is human unselfish charity. The greatest thing in the world is mutual understanding and the endless feeling of appreciation of having a Home. A place that every one of us has to have: where a happy, loving family could be born, where love, support and acceptance, no matter what, always are, and where kindness, warmness, understanding are sincere and never go away. I think those of us who have homes have to count ourselves exceedingly fortunate, because we are blessed. Home--the roof and the walls--protects us from outside pressure, and gives strength and desire to live, which is the important moral base of a psychologically healthy human being. But what about those who don’t have it? Those who we call Homeless? Unfortunately, there is always a dark cloud in a blue sky, and in â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy?† Jonathan Kozol questions the primary cause of homelessness in the United States. Are the homeless people really â€Å"pa ranoids of the street† and â€Å"among the most difficult to help?† When I read, â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy?† I was amazed how clearly and skillfully the writer shows the reality, the conditions, and causes of homelessness through presenting an impressive array of statistics and showing the numbers of homeless children. The author writes: â€Å"nearly half the homeless are small children whose average age is six,† and â€Å"since 1968 the number of children living in poverty has grown by 3 million† (463). He uses statistics to show the level of Federal support for low-income housing, which â€Å"dropped from $30 billion (1980) to 7.5 billion (1988),† the average of rents, the declining welfare benefits for families with children, the loss of traditional jobs in industry, â€Å"2 million every year since 198... ...the attempts of homeless people to overcome the misery and destitution must be heard and evaluated. People need the response from society on their unbearable and intolerable life conditions. Kozol makes very clear for everybody that nothing would be solved until everyone will be understood. Let’s just imagine what if we were in those people’s places, without a place to live, and in total destitution. Are we going to ask for help? I think people cannot be degraded to the level of crazy beasts; they don’t have to demean themselves and their families to ask and to accept official charity. I strongly believe that they can desperately implore for Dei gratia but not for society to deign to help. It isn’t too much to desire to have a Home. And it is not a crime to have it. Works Cited Kozol, Jonathan. â€Å"Are the Homeless Crazy.† Yale Review, 1988.

Knowledge and bias

Today in history and science there is a lot of different bias that can be seen through everyday life. The question that I am trying to answer is if we can obtain knowledge despite bias and selection in history and science. There are three mall types of bias that we can see In today's world, firstly there Is cultural bias which has to do with blabs relating to culture, religion and personal practices and then there Is confirmation bias which is when someone is trying to prove a point and ignores all evidence which old contradict him.Both these types of bias can be found in history, however also in science there is the second type of bias when a scientist has an hypothesis and does experiments, selecting data which proves his idea. Despite what people say about selection, it is proven that selection helps us cut down all the knowledge that we obtained, otherwise there would be too much to analyze and Interpret at the same time. If all the huge amounts of knowledge were to be used there would be too much and it would defer us from the truth. Body:Both history and science since the beginning of time have contributed to help us a lot to develop both socially, economically and politically. History has taught us about the past and what must not be repeated in the future. Science on the other hand has managed to explain the way the world works and show us new technologies that have helped us for many years. However in both Science and history there will still always be someone that will contradict another person's point of view. It is for these many reasons that bias and selection are constantly present in our world today.In story there Is bias through deferent interpretations of documents and sources and In Science there Is selection when a scientist follows one specific method and doesn't History today, as I said before, is often based on cultural bias which can mostly be seen through political, religious and moral views that may contradict each other. When Historian s write new interpretations on history they do not all have the same cultural background or the same sources, so in general they all have different points of views that will obviously not be agreed on.In science we may question some experiments as we do not know if the scientist used the best possible method nor do we know if he used the best materials and variables to conduct his experiment and find the best possible result in the end. History is the study of evidence we have of the past and it is based on human affairs. However history has always been passed on from generation to generation by documents and recording.But when we think about this idea we may feel that the information that is passed from generation to generation cannot be totally reliable as we do not know for certain if the truth is ally stated in the documents or if the person who wrote the account Just wanted to censor the information to hide personal facts about certain events. History without bias and selection is hard to find as sources are already based on a certain point of view and we can only observe what that particular person believes.It is for this reason that so many books have been written in history as if there was no bias or selection we could Just write one big book with the same point of view. The bias in history can be double because we have the point of view of the witness and then the as of the historian. The worst about this idea is that it can really distort the facts so that we don't know what to believe. When referring to selection in history, it all depends on the historians analyzing different sources, he may have national or cultural bias that influenced his understanding.Some historians might believe one point of view whereas another one may believe the opposite. Selection is history is inevitable and a lot depends on what the historian has learnt in his life before he chooses the best possible sources. As for example if a historian learnt since the ginning of his life that communism was the best economic system, he will base his knowledge on what he has known for his whole life and be very critical of capitalism. How can we trust sources that we are not sure they are giving us real facts?In history there have always been hidden documents and hidden agendas in order to keep a country under control. On the other hand there is an argument that states that knowledge in history can be obtain despite bias and selection because history is about people and so if we know about their point of view, we know more about why wings happened and hoe people felt at that time. This is important but we have to be careful and try our best to find sources that show both sides of the information researched, it also important to know the cultural bias of a historian before we believe totally what he says.If we look at science today it has helped us a lot in the world as it has developed technology which has made our lives a lot easier. When referring to selection in science we notice that each time a new experiment is conducted the results may change a little. It is for that reason that scientist use specific methods, variables and materials in order to get almost the same results each time. It is in this idea that we see selection as scientists are forced to choose specific methods, variables and materials.But how can the scientist know that the methods he is using are the most efficient ones? In science topic bias can be seen as money from research. For example in Science the holes in the ozone layer have been a trend for many years in which scientists have told the people of the world to use more renewable energy. But how can we be sure that using renewable energy will really help us? Science is constantly changing due to new technologies that make experiments less selective and give a less biased point of view.It is in this idea that we can say that technology is the key to developing science and being more sure of the knowledge we get from it. For example a scientist from European background may have different interpretations of results in comparison with the scientist from Saudi Arabia due to their religious beliefs and cultural background. Conclusion: In conclusion I believe that science and history are both very important in human development and I believe that even with bias and selection we are able to attain knowledge..I believe that in history bias and selection cannot be ignored, and that they are a very important part of understanding the human and emotional side of what happened. However in science bias and selection will decrease when more technologies are developed in order to decrease this bias and selection, which will let scientists, conduct their experiments, and repeat them systematically to show they are free of bias.

Essay on Monopoly Economics and Demand Curve

Essay on Monopoly Economics and Demand Curve Essay on Monopoly: Economics and Demand Curve Question 3 : In what ways could a monopoly be (a) more efficient (b) less efficient than several firms competing against each other? Discuss this statement with the use of appropriate diagrams. Monopoly Characteristics of a monopoly Single seller No close substitutes for the product High barriers to entry – potential competitors can be prevented entering the industry through: economies of scale ownership of scarce resources legal barriers Effect of these characteristics Because the monopoly firm is the only supplier of the product, the monopoly is called a price maker and can influence the price by varying the amount of output it supplies to the market The demand curve is the downward sloping market demand curve compare with perfectly competitive firm’s demand curve Marginal revenue and elasticity Marginal revenue for a monopoly is related to the elasticity of demand for its good A profit maximising monopolist will never produce at an output in the inelastic range of its demand curve Why not? It could charge a higher price, produce less and earn a larger profit. Recall: Total Revenue = price x quantity Inelastic demand:  ­ price to  ­ TR The monopolist’s decision How much to produce and at what price? As with a perfectly competitive firm, a monopolist will employ the profit maximising rule: Choose the output level at which MR = MC Set the price based on demand for that level of output Profit maximisation under monopoly Barriers to entry allow the monopolist to protect its market from competition. Economic profits can be earned in the short-run AND long-run. Monopoly vs. perfect competition Perfect

Good Pandora Stations for Homework and Studying

Good Pandora Stations for Homework and Studying Almost everyone has a smartphone these days, and with it comes the ability to rock out to music whenever the mood strikes. Since Pandora Internet Radio is probably the most well-known place to grab free music on the go, and tons of students love to listen to music while they study, it only stands to reason that people might need some advice about choosing the best Pandora stations for studying and homework. Genre Pandora Stations When you log in to Pandora, you can choose an artist, a genre, or a song to get started. A musical genre is simply a style of music. Rock is a genre. So is punk. So is jazz. Pandoras site does have genres such as country and classical and hip-hop, and it also has a set of genres that have more to do with the overall emotional flavor of a collection of music rather than a particular genre. Pandora has a comprehensive and frequently updated genre list that you can browse to get started. Since researchers are at least agreed that quieter music without lyrics is the most conducive music to study to (barring no music at all), here are a few genre Pandora stations that may be ideal for you to study by. Some are instrumental only, and they cover a wide range of musical styles. Instrumentals Fifteen million listeners cant be all wrong: in Pandoras Instrumentals genre youll find everything from Dr. Dre to bluegrass to techno to jazz. These instrumentals are basically tracks from some of the top names in the business without the words to mess with your brain space; theres even a specific station called Instrumentals for studying. Quiet Tracks Willing to risk some lyrics? Pandora has three muted genres that might work for you. Pandoras Wind Down genre includes a collection of stations such as the Buddha Bar, with surreal lyrics, modal harmonies, and a slow-moving bass line. The Chill genre contains stations that are mostly acoustic playlists, with an emphasis on calm, sedate music. Styles range from coffeehouse-style folk music to pop music versions to classics, country, and indie channels. Pandoras Easy Listening channels include the light side of movie soundtracks, show tunes, cool jazz, solo piano, and light rock. New Age and Classical Pandoras New Age genre has several channels perfect for taking your anxiety over that deadline down a notch or two. Here youll find music suitable for relaxation, spa, ambient, and a whole range of subareas of New Age music types: instrumental, acoustic, solo piano, and beats. Just dont fall asleep. The Classical genre has a number of good channels that might trip your studying trigger: classical guitar, symphonies, renaissance, baroque. A  Classical for Studying Radio  channel promises a New Age aesthetic and an overall meditative sound. and a channel for Work might also do the ticket. In the End, Its All Between the Ears Its quite possible that some people do better with background music: people have different tastes, different study habits, and different ways of handling noise and distraction. Surveys of students themselves often say music helps them concentrate, keeps them company, alleviates boredom, and helps them learn faster. With free music sources like Pandora and Spotify, selecting the exact music you need might actually be a distraction in itself. Is Music While Studying Even a Good Idea? A few scientific studies have been conducted on the effect of music or other background noise on maintaining concentration. Most report that the best studying environment of all is silence. Since all music processing uses cognitive capacity, the theory goes, listening to music could impair task performance involving your brain. Most of the studies, however, have been relatively unsystematic and somewhat inconclusive, because so much depends on an individual students preferences and study habits, and the enormous number of musical genres available. If students study with music playing, they seem to perform better when the music is calm and they dont engage with the music. In other words, dont sing along, for example, or dont pick music that you either dont like or like too much. Your emotional response to music does add to the distraction value: music that is too stimulating or too sleep-inducing will also be a distraction. So: if you are the kind of student who needs music as a background to study, to act as white noise to keep other peoples voices or the radiators banging or personal worries out of your head, keep it low enough that you wont actually pay much attention to it. If you find yourself singing along, change the station. Sources Cassidy, Gianna, and Raymond A.R. MacDonald. The Effect of Background Music and Background Noise on the Task Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Psychology of Music 35.3 (2007): 517-37. Print.Furnham, Adrian, and Lisa Strbac. Music Is as Distracting as Noise: The Differential Distraction of Background Music and Noise on the Cognitive Test Performance of Introverts and Extraverts. Ergonomics 45.3 (2002): 203-17. Print.Hallam, Susan, John Price, and Georgia Katsarou. The Effects of Background Music on Primary School Pupils Task Performance. Educational Studies 28.2 (2002): 111-22. Print.Kotsopoulou, Anastasia, and Susan Hallam. Age Differences in Listening to Music While Studying. 9th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition. University of Bologna, 2006. Print.Kotsopoulou, Anastasia, and Susan Hallam. The Perceived Impact of Playing Music While Studying: Age and Cultural Differences. Educational Studies 36.4 (2010): 431-40. Print.Umzdas, Serpil. An Analysis of t he Academic Achievement of the Students Who Listen to Music While Studying. Educational Research and Reviews 10.6 (2015): 728-32. Print.

Sexuality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sexuality - Research Paper Example In recent years, diverse authors in critical applied linguistics have highlighted various dimensions of power inequalities in the exploration of social identities (e.g., Varney, 2002; Simon-Maeda, 2004). The contribution of this critical approach has highlighted the need to challenge the reproduction of unjust power relations. It has also suggested strategies for empowerment and social transformation. However, this approach has been limited, to some extent, in its applicability to issues of gender and sexuality due to the influence of social constructionism. Mohr (1992) defines a radical social constructionist perspective as one that posits human beings as "blank slates" whose behaviors are determined by the influence of environmental factors. Mohr criticizes what he sees as a disregard for evidence of the role of biological factors in matters of gender and of sexuality. However, an acute focus on biological dimensions also has significant limitations. Sears (1997) evokes this problem in his analysis of sexuality education in most Western educational contexts: "Relying heavily on biology and side-stepping issues of morality, teachers seldom employ the social sciences and the arts to explore the labyrinthine social structures of sexuality and gender" (pp. 275-276). Dimensions of morality, emotional depth, non-conscious processes, and individual imagination in gender and sexuality are sometimes lost in approaches where subjects seem to be determined either by biology or by their participation in language and culture. In his article on agency and identity issues surrounding sexuality, Phillips (1996) remarks that social constructionism is now "[T]he dominant paradigm, indeed orthodoxy, within gay and lesbian cultural studies" (p. 105). This paradigm has limited success in initiating dialogue on gender and sexuality issues with those who conceptualize and experience their own sex and sexuality as solid facts, rather than the cumulative product of socio-cultural acts (Mohr, 1992). While Nelson (1999) lauds queer theory's slogan of "acts not facts," it has to be noted that the reverse position-facts, not acts- seems to be the perspective of the majority of practitioners in education. Indeed, Phillips argues that many students also feel this way with regard to their sense of self for sexual identities. On the one hand, then, there is a body of literature in critical applied linguistics and in queer studies (e.g. Perrotti & Westheimer, 2001; Wyss, 2004) that asserts a social constructionist perspective on gender and sexuality identities. The basis for this approach is often taken from a type of psychoanalytic drives theory that accords primal positivity to all expressions of sexual desire. This dominant perspective in academic spheres seems to have little potential for changing the contrasting perspectives of the majority of participants in education, and in society at large, where attention to the moral dimension of sexuality issues is prevalent. This perspective finds no point of connection with discourses that specify few moral parameters in considering diverse issues of sexuality such as the age-of-consent for minors,

Moral views in the development of English law Essay

Moral views in the development of English law - Essay Example 123), which calls upon a legal community's moral judgment in determining what is aptly, the common good. Moreover, within the context of English Law, this relationship is further emphasised in the role that judges play in the development of precedents embodied within case law. Thus, it is within this context that this essay aims to analyse the significance that moral views have played, if they did, in the development of English Law. As this essay will argue, moral views have played a significant role in the development of English laws, due to the consideration that the legal community has given to the collective standards of morality accepted by the English society in creating legislations, statutes, and EC (European Council) Directives; and the discretion of judges in developing precedents in common law. To prove this point, the essay will begin by presenting the sources of English Law. It will then illustrate the manner that legislations, statutes, and EC Directives are reflective of societal perceptions of morality; and the extent of judges' discretion in case law. Lastly, the essay will illustrate the role morals have played in the development of English law, as well as the effect it has had the law's legal development, before ending with concluding statements. Under English Law, legal development proceeds through a number of instruments such as precedent through courts, legislation through the UK parliament, and as a result of European legislation through directives and decisions of the European Union court adopted by the government. What is apparent among these sources is the degree of discretionary power given both to the individual judges under common law in terms of interpretation, such that disputes can be resolved in a manner that can be either just or unjust; and to the legal community in terms of legislation, which is affected by the individual judgment of each member, as well - both of which will be discussed in following sections. What is imperative as this point, however, is the need to distinguish between morality and moral views, such that while morality refers to some conventional conception of right or wrong; moral views, which is the topic of this essay, refers to the individual standards adhered to by individual judges an d members of the parliament, as well as legislators of Community law. Thus, in order to illustrate that moral views are significant in the development of laws, one must simply illustrate that discretion is evident in the legal development of English Law, regardless if this legal development is moral or not. In this respect, this essay argues that the significance of moral views are evident in the way that English Law can both either be just or unjust, depending on the consensus of legislators' moral views regarding the common good; and the moral judgment of case law judges in interpreting these rules. English Law and the Common Good The Parliament consists of the Crown, the elected House of Common and the Unelected House of Lords. As Sir E. Coke claims, it is "the highest and most honourable and absolute Court of Justice in England,' and its 'jurisdiction' is 'so transcendent' that it can make and repeal laws on any subject matter and its honour and justice cannot be doubted" (cited in Walters 2003). This is also echoed by Austin, claiming that "the sovereign, or supreme legislator, is the author of all law"

Role of the Early Years Worker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of the Early Years Worker - Essay Example   In recent years there has been an increase in the reporting of child abuse. (Susan Creighton, â€Å"Understanding Child Abuse†, page 7) If a child, is abused in any way, whether physically, emotionally or sexually, then it has a very great impact on the rest of the child’s life, as he moves into adolescence, and then later into adulthood. According to Helga Hanks and Peter Stratton, â€Å"they consider children as active and self conscious actors rather than passive recipients of abuse†¦.† (Hanks, Stratton, Chap. 5, page 8) Those children who have become victims of it are affected not only physically but also mentally and psychologically.Neglect of Child Abuse is one of the main causes of death in young children in the UK, â€Å"with parents and relatives being responsible for three quarters of the deaths†. (Central Statistical Office, 1994) This results in these children being mentally scarred for life.The Government Role in â€Å"Child Abuseâ⠂¬ :The Government plays a major role in dealing with Child Abuse by brining out new policies safe guarding both children and adolescents and making out new strategies helping them to cope with the problems facing them. The Government is determined to make the world a better and a safer place for children, especially those children who are vulnerable. The cabinet has come out with what is called â€Å"Green Paper† for the â€Å"Children at Risk†. (The Children Act Report, 2002) This Report is based on the latest research and findings, with information from statistical returns.

Core Competency Essay Example for Free

Core Competency Essay Walt Disney once noted: â€Å"I only hope that we don’t lose sight of one thing – that it was all started by a mouse†. (Disney Dreamer, 1998). Walt Disney’s original core competence was cartoons and animated movies. By combining Imagineering with engineering Disney’s company reached unparalleled success with the creation of the first full length animated movie. This success led to new ideas and one of them was to open a park, a different kind of park. In Disneyland Walt used new technology to bring his characters to life. He called them â€Å"Animatronics†. (Magical Kingdoms, July 2008) Together with unique storytelling and high quality of service Walt Disney created a magical environment for his guests which none of the competitors could quite duplicate. It became Walt Disney’s core competency. Disney once said: â€Å"Anything that has the Disney name to it is something we feel responsible for.† (Disney Dreamer, 1998) This competency is driven by superior Disney products and most of all by cast members and their renowned guest service. It’s always been a challenge to keep up with high expectations of the guests. To continue to improve its business Disney has set up new cast member standards in the form of the Basics (Meeting the new standards, December 2007). The new standards expect cast members to create and reinforce â€Å"magical† experience for the guests by being approachable, engaging, and willing to go above and beyond. As the company developed, many new lines of businesses have been added such as retail, media, and sports. The danger has been to overextend and lose track of what the company does best. In order to stay competitive the company had to realign and shifted attention from retail to those which are the cornerstone of the company – intellectual property. To reinforce its animation business Disney purchased Pixar in 2006. In the acquisition statement it read: â€Å"Animation is the foundation upon which the Company was built and for years was a core competency. However, in recent years Disney placed less emphasis on animation and, as such; the Company was not at the forefront of the digital revolution and did not produce many animation movie hits. With Pixar, Disney is now further on the technology curve and can  exploit some synergies in marketing, production, and distribution.† (Walt Disney Company release, January 2006). In 2009 Disney purchased another company, Marvel. This move further enhances Disney’s competitiveness and extended the collection of its characters. (CNN, August 2009). The special strength of the company is diversification. In addition to four parks in the US Disney currently has a park in Europe, plus two parks and one more on the way in Asia. Disney’s largest sales revenue is from media sold outside the US. Disney has its own cruise line with regular operation of two boats and is adding two more in January of 2011. (Cruise Talk, June 2010) Many regular Disney guests own part of the Walt Disney World resort through â€Å"Disney Vacation Club†, the company’s timeshare program. Disney’s tour operation business â€Å"Adventures by Disney† offers guests special tours around the world. (Adventures by Disney, n.d.) Everything the company does carries the special â€Å"Disney touch† – a seal of quality and outstanding service. Though the company has some challenges with the economic downturn, it continues to grow leaning heavily on what the company does best providing â€Å"magical† experiences to guests and consumers. References: Disney Dreamer (1998), Walt Disney Quotes. Retrieved from: http://www.disneydreamer.com/walt/quotes.htm Josh Buchanan, Matthew Covarrubias, James Gills, T.J Lovejoy, Craig Wuollet, Meeting the new Standards (December, 2007), Executive Summary, P. 3 Retrieved from: http://www.slideshare.net/jamesrg6/disneypaperfinal Walt Disney Company release (January, 2006) Comments on Acquisition of Pixar Animation Studios. Retrieved from: http://www.dbrs.com/research/206997/walt-disney-company-the/comments-on-acquisition-of-pixar-animation-studios.html David Goldman (August, 2009), CNN, Disney to buy Marvel for $4 billion Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/2009/08/31/news/companies/disney_marvel/index.htm The History of Disney’s Animatronics (July, 2008), Disney Blog at Magical Kingdoms Retrieved from: http://www.magicalkingdoms.com/blog/2008/07/08/the-history-of-disneys-audio-animatronics/ Mr. Papa (June, 2010) Cruise Talk Retrieved from: http://cruisetalk.org/2010/06/disney-cruise-line-adds-final-building-block-to-new-cruise-ship-disney-dream.html Adventures by Disney, Retrieved from: http://abd.disney.go.com/abd/en_US/index?name=HomePage

Euthanasia Essay: Assisted Suicide -- Euthanasia Physician Assisted Su

Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚   In her paper entitled "Euthanasia," Phillipa Foot notes that euthanasia should be thought of as "inducing or otherwise opting for death for the sake of the one who is to die" (MI, 8). In Moral Matters, Jan Narveson argues, successfully I think, that given moral grounds for suicide, voluntary euthanasia is morally acceptable (at least, in principle). Daniel Callahan, on the other hand, in his "When Self-Determination Runs Amok," counters that the traditional pro-(active) euthanasia arguments concerning self-determination, the distinction between killing and allowing to die, and the skepticism about harmful consequences for society, are flawed. I do not think Callahan's reasoning establishes that euthanasia is indeed morally wrong and legally impossible, and I will attempt to show that.    Callahan first goes on to state that euthanasia is different from suicide in that it involves not only the right of a person to self-determination, but the transfer of the right to kill to the acting agent (presumably a physician) as well. This right, however, is temporary and restricted to killing the patient only. It is not clear why this temporary transfer makes euthanasia wrong, for if this is wrong, then letting a patient die (in the case where the patient already has the assistance of life-supporting equipment) is also wrong, if there is no distinction between killing and letting die. So, we must return to this argument after addressing Callahan's claims of a distinction between killing and allowing to die.    The argument for the distinction is based on the cause of death. In the classic example of a doctor unplugging life-sustaining equipment, the cited cause of death is disease or... ... I have brought forward considerations that counter Callahan's reasoning against three types of arguments that support euthanasia: the right to self-determination, the insignificant difference between killing and letting a person die by removing their life-support, and euthanasia's good consequences outweighing the harmful consequences are all positive, relevant and valid factors in the moral evaluation of euthanasia. Callahan's objections against these reasons do not hold.    Works Cited       MI: Narveson, Jan, ed. Moral Issues. Toronto: Oxford, 1983.    EI: Soifer, Eldon, ed. Ethical Issues. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1997.    MM: Narveson, Jan. Moral Matters. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1993.    Callahan, Daniel. When Self-Determination Runs Amok, in Hastings Center Report, March-April 1992, pp. 52-55. In EI, pp.409-415.   

Gated Communities in Istanbul

The background Istanbul is one of the outstanding concern, Cultural, tourer and transit hubs in Europe every bit good as the Middle East which besides contributes 22 per cent of Turkey’s GDP with 17.8 per cent of the national population. ( 21 ) The economic activity is rooted geographically and historically as the instance with many planetary metropoliss. From the Ottoman period, Istanbul has been the major metropolis in term of societal moral force and economic activity. In The wake of the Second World War, the industrial capital throughout the patriot and develop mentalist clip with experiment of big inward migration. The rapid enlargement is chiefly through spreading outwardsgecekonducolonies near the mill on the traveling borders of Istanbul which displaced the manifestation of the aureate age of informal urbanisation. Whereas, with the debut of the Neoliberal scheme which started from the 1980s, it has entered into a new phase that the shot of nation’s integrating into supranational capitalist kineticss is focused on Istanbul. ( book ) At that period of clip, the luxury upper category residential country and globalising commercial infinites spread outwards of the metropolis ; Meanwhile,gecekonducolonies have con tinued to turn. Thus, the great disparity of income, wealth and power deepen in Istanbul as the city expressed in spacial segregations ( book ; keyder2005 ) It could reason that planetary capitalist economy is the beginning of centralisation and backdown for the form of growing. In the recent decennaries, Istanbul has been considered by Turkish capital and province as a supranational regional economic Centre, assisting Turkey to take a farther measure into internationalisation and planetary capitalist economy as the fiscal hub for the East and the West. ( ppt ) To implement the acceleration, the Istanbul Metropolitan Planning ( IMP ) was established by the JDP authorities. There are two indispensable purposes for the planning authorization ; the first is to deconcentrate the fabrication industry towards outskirts of the built-up country. The 2nd is to transform the cardinal metropolis towards finance services, up-market ingestion, so traveling the growing of up-market utilizations from the outskirts to the Centre. ( book ) These transmutation besides led of import functional alterations in the cardinal metropolis like Emine °S ? Which was the city’s oldest concern centre now lost its production and service maps but act as great touristic and cultural roles.17 The chief intervention for the spacial restructuring is through large-scale urban renovation which including the three big havens at Zeytinburnu, Haydarpasa and Galata are for trade centre. Meanwhile, the new bomber centre is located in the outer of both sides of the metropolis to suit the lower degree and more local commercial activity to guarantee the cardinal metropolis to be available for high degree concern sectors. The internationalized utilizations for renovation of cardinal metropolis proceed partially on empty land in the cardinal metropolis which owned by the public authorization. At the same clip, the IMP has seen a ‘rent gap’ in rundown residential countries with hapless dwellers so in the interior metropolis, these countries are targeted as major planned regeneration undertakings. First, be aftering in the country where the historic edifices in metropolis centre that occupied by the cultural minority of all categories who were expelled in the 1920s from the state by the nationalist government. Second, be aftering in the country where thegecekonducolonies built by immigrants in the past 50 old ages which means they are composed to travel out. Before, these dwellers who work in these countries are largely employed in informal service sectors and small-scale economic improvisation in the cardinal metropolis. Even more worse, because of the planetary crisis the unskilled occupat ions are difficult to happen for support, the impairment of poorness happens with the cultural and societal background of recent migrators like Kurdish migrators, the Roma population of Sulukule, African refugees. Therefore, without rubric to the land, these people are unable to take part in the increasing market-oriented lodging economic system. ( rhenium ) The menace is non merely for the income polarisationa?† a?- but besides it affected societal, cultural, and spacial exclusion and possibly a lasting sub-proletariat. ( Re ) For illustration, in recent regeneration undertaking in the Sulukule territory which is one of the oldest Roma vicinities been occupied by Anatolian Gypsies since Byzantine times will replace the edifice with Ottoman manner Villa. It is the MHA led undertaking that propose a 100 edifice are to be demolished with all 620 the renters are evicted. The two options is either to purchase new flat at a high monetary value or purchase societal lodging units in the outskirts of the metropolis at below- market rates but it is 45km off, therefore it become truly dearly-won and hard to entree to employment in the metropolis centre. The other similar regeneration projectikucukcekmece, to bring forth tremendous residential developments which close to a new planned commercial growing country in the outer West of the Istanbul. The MHA has constructed a immense increased denseness of 100,000 lodging unites with ingestion infinite. ( book ) However, the MHA demolished old 2000 homesteader colonies which move the proprietors to societal lodging in less valuable countries. The poorest tenants were neglect when they couldn’t pay the monetary value for the provided units. ? ? ? Thegecekonducolonies are consolidated. The Mass Housing Administration participated in this development by concept high-rise residential units for low income groups in outskirts of the metropolis and some of the Original occupants could go forth the old vicinity and take for middle-class residential developments. Alliances happened for the last 15 old ages and profited from the development. As a consequence, the metropolis could stop up with an tremendous bubble of extra existent estate ( 49 ) ? ? ? ? ? In Istanbul there are more than half illegally edifices where big population growing was accommodated on these productions of colonies. For the terminal of populism it demonstrated that land had eventually become a commodityiREi?†°which of course become favourable for guess as more and more land was pulled into the market sphere. However, the planetary moving ridge of bad investing in these tremendous developments make up one's minding the spacial enlargement of the urban metropolis. ( 49 ) In the 1980s, the earlier stage of the planetary vision was chiefly driven by the Turkish beginning pudding stone capital. The new unit of ammunition of urban globalisation is non merely driven by existent estate but besides a cultural undertaking. However, it could still reason that the renovation docket to turn metropolis infinites into the profitable Assets ; meanwhile, to accommodate the demands of spread outing wealth or for touristry, for commercial utilizations. ( 49 ) The planetary Investors are attracted to the quickly increased consumer demand for high-quality lodging, commercial apace and cultural touristry in the most profitable country. ? ? ? ? As a consequence, It can be seen in a 5.5 km2 big renovation undertaking, maestro planned by Zaha Hadid, in the Kartal territory along the Marmara shore which hosts 100 industrial mill. The former Mayor of Kartal had indicated the program to pull US $ 5 billion from planetary investors to develop a yacht marina accommodating 1,000 boats with Hotels, place and residential country. These sort of transmutation rely on the confederation of national and local political purpose and economic involvements, moreover it is besides depended on the graduated table and range with planetary capital entered the metropolis. ( 49 ) The comparative economic alteration is the world that modern urban developments have homogenized edifice signifiers. The standardisation has progressed because of the edifice can be globally traded which are every bit the same in all topographic points. The societal effects of standardisation is the consequence of homogeneousness in reinforced signifier affects segregation it is efficient to build full communities destined for certain societal groups. 12 Gated communities appeared in Turkey in the 1980s as of import undertaking of urban transmutation and enlargement in the metropolis which driven by an progressively powerful existent estate market and accepted by political relations and planning. This advancement is non merely altering urban and architectural forms in the metropolis but besides the deduction on the societal and economic constructions at the vicinity degree. ( web ) For illustration Ge °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡te »Ã‚ µk, as a innovator of this manner of development in the 1990s existent estate developers discovered the potency for the up market lodging development. Therefore, more than 30 gated communities have been built closly. As a consequence, the population increases from 1,500 in 1993 to about 20,000 in 2008 with increasing land value. ( ) The country has been transformed into an island among islands with necessary web of economic, societal brushs which connect Ge °Ã¢â‚¬ ¡te »Ã‚ µk’s apparently the fragment into an incorporate economic whole.i5i?†°However, the gated communities still consequence on crystallisation of the class-based spacial segregation. Istanbul is acknowledged that has a proper system of public conveyance constitutes to counter the immense menace to mobility by planned expresswaies, widened roads and introduced new traffic lanes. However, it could make farther divisions and destruct the city’s delicate vicinity construction. The original street forms of theGecekonduand yap-sat territories, with their complex societal and micro-economic constructions, and lively street activities are being replaced by the new vicinities which dwelling of monolithic blocks with high-rise flat towers. Besides, a big Numberss of diverse population are forced to go considerable distances for plants and even basic demands that farther consequence on the mobility on all degrees.